Кредитный глоссарий
47 терминов определено
A
APR (Annual Percentage Rate)
The yearly interest rate charged on outstanding credit card balances or loans, including fees.
Authorized User
A person added to someone else's credit card account who benefits from the primary cardholder's credit history.
B
Balance Transfer
Moving debt from one credit card to another, usually to take advantage of a lower interest rate.
Bankruptcy
A legal proceeding for individuals or businesses unable to repay outstanding debts, resulting in either debt discharge or reorganization.
C
Charge-Off
When a creditor writes off a debt as a loss after a borrower fails to make payments for an extended period, typically 120-180 days.
Collection Account
A debt that has been sent to a third-party collection agency for recovery.
Consumer Report
A report compiled by a consumer reporting agency containing information about an individual's credit history.
Credit Bureau
An organization that collects and maintains consumer credit information - Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion are the three major U.S. bureaus.
Credit Inquiry
A request to view your credit report, either a hard inquiry (affects score) or soft inquiry (doesn't affect score).
Credit Limit
The maximum amount of credit a lender extends to a borrower on a particular account.
Credit Mix
The variety of credit account types in your credit profile, including revolving and installment accounts.
Credit Report
A detailed record of your credit history compiled by credit bureaus, including accounts, payment history, and public records.
Credit Score
A numerical representation of creditworthiness, typically ranging from 300-850.
Credit Utilization
The ratio of credit card balances to credit limits, expressed as a percentage.
D
Debt Consolidation
Combining multiple debts into a single payment, often with a lower interest rate.
Debt-to-Income Ratio (DTI)
The percentage of monthly gross income that goes toward paying debts.
Default
Failure to meet the legal obligations of a loan, such as not making payments.
Delinquency
A payment that is past due, typically reported after 30 days late.
Dispute
A formal challenge to information on your credit report that you believe is inaccurate.
DUNS Number
A unique nine-digit identifier assigned by Dun & Bradstreet to business entities.
E
e-OSCAR
The electronic system used by credit bureaus and data furnishers to process consumer disputes.
Equifax
One of the three major U.S. credit bureaus, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.
Experian
One of the three major U.S. credit bureaus, headquartered in Costa Mesa, California.
F
Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA)
Federal law that regulates the collection, dissemination, and use of consumer credit information.
FDCPA
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act - federal law that limits the behavior and actions of third-party debt collectors.
FICO Score
A credit score developed by the Fair Isaac Corporation, used by 90% of top U.S. lenders.
Foreclosure
The legal process by which a lender takes possession of a property when the borrower fails to make mortgage payments.
Fraud Alert
A notice placed on your credit report that alerts creditors to verify your identity before extending credit.
G
Garnishment
A court order requiring a portion of wages or bank accounts to be sent directly to a creditor.
Goodwill Adjustment
A request to a creditor to remove a negative mark from your credit report as a courtesy.
H
Hard Inquiry
A credit check that occurs when you apply for credit, which can lower your score by a few points.
I
Installment Loan
A loan repaid in fixed, regular payments over a set period, such as a mortgage or auto loan.
J
Judgment
A court ruling requiring a debtor to pay a creditor, previously reported on credit reports.
L
Late Payment
A payment made after the due date, which can be reported to credit bureaus after 30 days.
Lien
A legal claim against property to secure payment of a debt.
M
Mixed File
When one person's credit information is mistakenly placed on another person's credit report.
N
Negative Item
Any entry on your credit report that hurts your score, such as late payments, collections, or bankruptcies.
P
Paydex Score
Dun & Bradstreet's business credit score, ranging from 0-100.
Pay-for-Delete
A negotiation strategy where a debtor pays a collection in exchange for its removal from credit reports.
R
Revolving Credit
Credit that can be used repeatedly up to a set limit, such as credit cards and HELOCs.
S
Secured Credit Card
A credit card backed by a cash deposit, designed for building or rebuilding credit.
Soft Inquiry
A credit check that doesn't affect your score, such as checking your own credit or pre-approval offers.
Statute of Limitations
The time period during which a creditor can sue to collect a debt, varying by state and debt type.
T
Tradeline
Any credit account that appears on your credit report.
TransUnion
One of the three major U.S. credit bureaus, headquartered in Chicago, Illinois.
U
Utilization Ratio
The percentage of available credit being used, calculated by dividing total balances by total credit limits.
V
VantageScore
A credit scoring model developed jointly by the three major credit bureaus as an alternative to FICO.
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